Referencing: A helping hand

Being back in university over the last few months has taught taught me a lot, more than I could have hoped for, and one of these things  is that correct referencing is key.

Being back in a University environment naturally means being exposed to assignments and correct practice within such tasks. As I am also on teaching placement, which is also happens to be in the same University, I am seeing that my learners are faced with similar tasks. Referencing can be challenging at first but, as with most things in life, the more you repeat the process, the simpler it becomes. 

Now I could go on about the correct practice for referencing, however, there is a wealth of such information all over the internet, so as such, I am going to point you in the right direction to a helpful tool which you can use to create references or simply use as a guide to learn the format. 

A few weeks back in an ICT session in University we had a talk about Microsoft Word and the built in referencing system. However, being a mac user, I was horrified to get onto my Macbook to find my version didn't include such luxuries. This sent me off scouring the internet for an alternative, which is where I stumbled across an excellent website.

There is an excellent resource available to use, for free I may add, at Neil's tool box. This website provides users with the Harvard referencing generator, a simple and effective tool that simply allows users to input all the details into the labeled boxes (supplied with format examples) and compiles the information into a reference that can be copied and pasted into your assignment. 

Above: The website allows users to select from a number of different types of resources, which it will then build an appropriate reference for.

Above: An example of the website's input system, which asks for all the information required to build your reference

Its that simple! if your in a position where you software doesn't come with its own generator, then this tool can become invaluable to you, allowing more time to be spent on your actual assignment writing. 

Resource available at: http://www.neilstoolbox.com/bibliography-creator/ 

Ted talk: 'What teachers make'

When I first decided to enter a career in teaching a few years back, I remember very clearly telling people about it. My family and friends were excited for me and very supportive, all saying how rewarding the job is supposed to be. However, there were a few people in my life at the time who had a slightly different response, which was 'Oh wow! theres decent money in teaching!'. I remember very clearly becoming quite annoyed as I felt this to be a very narrow minded and almost selfish attitude towards the profession and my aspirations.
I never once though of teaching as a means of financial gain, there are plenty of career paths out there which offer the same or better financial benefits, most likely without the stress and pressure that teachers have to endure. I have been so against this attitude that I have made a conscious effort to avoid learning how much money can be made in the profession, until recently of course as job hunting presents you with such information. I always wanted to keep my aspirations about the job itself, rather than how much money could be made further down the line, and I am aware this is quite a cheesy approach to it all, but it works for me.
But I digress. Teaching should be your passion. You need to be able to enjoy every aspect of the job to be good at it and remain dedicated to it. No amount of money in the world would make me dedicate my life to a job I hate.
I remember a few years back, around about the time I went on my first teaching placement, one of the members of staff showed me this video, after she asked me why I decided to teach and I responded with similar information as above. She felt this video was right up my street, and I couldn't agree more. Taylor Mali doesnt deliver this as a traditional Ted Talk, but the message is as strong as any. In the style of a coffee house poetry reading, Mali explains what it is to be a teacher. As teachers we have the ability to inspire and motivate learners, we are able to push them further than they every thought the could go and we are able to show learners their true potential. Every time I see this video I feel inspired, and I know that if there is ever a time in my career where I doubt my role or question my choice to become a teacher I will think of this talk.

Note: Video is available on the TedTalk official website at: http://www.ted.com/talks/taylor_mali_what_teachers_make

Differentiation in education

As teachers, we are expected to take in to account so many different factors when it comes to planning and executing an effective lesson. We are expected to identify any factors which could impact upon our teaching in a positive or negative way, and rightly so. A good teach is prepared for anything, it would be naive to assume that things are going to pan out exactly as we write them in our lessons plans.
Over the least few weeks I have been on teaching placement, teaching Music Technology within higher educations and one factor, in my opinion at least, dominates the rest: differentiation.

What is differentiation and why is it important?

One of the best descriptions I have read describing the concept comes from Petty (2014) who states that 'differentiation is the process by which the differences between learners are accommodated so that all students in a group have the best possible chance of learning'. Essentially, when we differentiate with learners, we take in to account all the elements which make then unique as individuals in order to ensure we can teach then in the best possible way, this ensuring the maximum level of learning takes place.
Over the least few weeks I have come to appreciate just how important differentiation, particularly within the more practical subjects such as Music Technology. One class I take is Recording studio practice, which is with a first year group of BSc students. Many of these students would have come from some sort of academic learning with regards to the subject, which led them here in university. However, there are others in the group who accessed university through their work or industry experiences, which in this case has given them a slight advantage with regards the the module. The learners who came from education could be seen as having quite a narrow learning experience, as they were taught what they were supposed to know as part of academic studies. Whereas the learners who came from industry seem to have learned many more aspects of the subject, often which they 'had to know' to generate income, which has resulted in their skills also being highly developed by comparison.
But what does this all mean in terms of differentiation and our teaching practice? essentially what I have written above is a shopping list of factors to take into account when planning my own lessons (most teachers will find similar factors in their own subjects among learners).



Ways to deal with differentiation

With the information above, what we should be ultimately doing is using this information to 'plan to which all learners are capable of achieving' (Gravells, 2012). I need to focus on the word all for a moment. Admittedly in an ideal world we would be able to devise lesson plans with excellent tasks and ideas which are able to fully engage all learners and challenge them. However, often this is not the case, and in my early teaching placements prior to this I found differentiation to be a challenge as one end of the spectrum (in terms of learner abilities) would get more focus than the other. Differentiation is a lot like spinning plates, as soon as you think you have them all in motion, some will ultimately start to show signs of loosing momentum. So how can we ensure this isn't the case.

Some of the following points are ideas which have either been developed my myself or by others I have been fortunate enough to work with who were facing similar challenges.

Know your learners: This is a factor I cannot stress the importance of enough. It is important to try and find out as much as we can about our learners in order to benefit us as teacher and them as part of the learning group. Powell (2010) suggests that we need to find out as much about our learners personal backgrounds as we do their academic, and that its no good just knowing their name and age. If a learner comes from a poor home, for example, then they may not have access to the same resources as a learner that is slightly better off. This may seem irrelevant as it is outside of the context of the lesson, however, this learner may not have access to some of the same gadgets or computer resources that others may have, so this could greatly effect their experience or competence levels. Of course, I use this as an example. Within my own subject for example, I have already said that one group has learners with a few decades of industry experience, which they are now seeking formal certification for as a result. Granted when I plan my lessons I tend to stick to the topic in general, but knowing this information can enable me to prepare extended activities, more challenging tasks, or even call upon their expertise to allow them to add to the lessons, keeping them engaged and included in the learning and sharing of ideas. Which brings me to my next point.

Using differentiation to your advantage: As I mentioned earlier, differentiation can be complex and quite off-putting, particularly to a new teacher. However, using the knowledge of more experienced learners within your own lesson could be as simple as asking if they would like to add to the lesson. A recent example come from my own studio practice lesson just last week. The task given to the learners was to assemble microphones around a drum kit to record in an industry standard setup. Quite challenging to new students, however, this class had at least 2 learners who have done this so much they could do the task in their sleep. In order to keep this interesting and to ensure they were kept involved and learning I had to continuously add to the task. I decided introduce new hardware or other factors, which they more able learners were able to try and adapt to the task. At one point, I actually stepped back from the teaching role and decided to allow the learners to lead their peers, which worked excellently as they were able to approach them in a more informal way and draw upon their own industry experience for guidance. Peer learning is an invaluable tool which can be used in group tasks, or even in this fashion, and can often have excellent positive result, as it did here. The answer to differentiation within your own tasks can be as simple as stepping back and allowing the learners to lead.

MAT helpers: When on placement a few months ago in a South Wales secondary school I was having difficulty teaching piano to around 33 learners, all of mixed levels. Some have been playing almost all their lives, yet others had only played a piano in the 2 or 3 lesson prior to this. My first reaction was to just keep given them more challenging pieces to play, giving me more time to focus on the learners that needed additional help. This was until I realised I didn't have enough sheet music to keep them challenged. Another teacher suggested that I use the MAT (more able and talented) learners as helpers, allowing them to go and help their peer, coaching them on part they found easy that others may have found to be a challenged. This worked excellently. Although it did require a little more classroom management on my part, the results spoke for themselves, as most of the learners were able to succeed and feel that they had achieved a lot by the end of the lesson.


There are countless other ways to accommodate for differentiation, as well as countless other factors (both personal and academic) that could require us to alter or shape our lessons and tasks to accommodate for them. The point I am trying to relay here is that differentiation need not be the overwhelming challenge it often is, particularly with new teachers. Although we may not be able to identify them all in our planning, it is important to try to have a backup idea ready to deal with any issues like the ones mentioned above, you may often find the solution is as simple as getting a more able learner to work in pairs or with a group of more challenged learners.




Reference

Powell, W. (2010). Knowing our students as learners. Available: http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/111011/chapters/Knowing-Our-Students-as-Learners.aspx. Last accessed 25th Nov 2014.

Petty, G. (2014). Improve your teaching and that of your team.Available: http://geoffpetty.com/training-materials/differentiation/. Last accessed 25th Nov 2014.

Gravells, A (2012). Preparing to teach in the lifelong learning sector. 5th ed. london: learning matters .

Effective practice in modern teaching

Planning and preparation is, in my opinion, one of the most important aspects of teaching, and if mastered could be the difference in a lesson being a soaring success or a disastrous wreck. Over the last few years while embarking on my own Teacher training path, I have been fortunate enough to witness lesson of the same subject or topic delivered by different Teachers. Theoretically, these lesson should have been very similar, when in actually fact, they would often be quite different, often resulting in one being more successful than the other. It could be argued that every Teacher has a different style, as such, lessons could be very different on this factor alone. However, I have often witnessed such lessons where one person has planned extensively, almost to the minute, while another would chose to 'wing it'. For this reasons I have decided to look into the various aspects we as Teachers often consider and why, as well as the implications on the quality of learning taking place. Lesson planning can be a complex monster, but of the elements collected together and planned effectively could result in a shining example of modern teaching practice.

So why do we plan lesson?  

First of all we need to ask ourselves one simple question: what is lesson planning? In a nutshell, lesson planning is 'The process of deciding what you will teach and how you will teach it' (Handley, 2010), which is the short answer, but a great summery none the less. Lesson planning will cover all aspects of your teaching, everything from activities, key points, resources you will need, as well as other details such as meeting government standards. They tend to vary depending on the teaching course or regions. Gravells (2012) states that lesson that are planned well should follow a set structure, namely a beginning, a middle and an end, referred to as an introduction section, a development section and a plenary. There are plenty of reasons for this structure, all of which often benefit both the Teacher and the learners, but ultimately the formula laid out above will provide learners with a sense of continuity, and overall make the lesson and the tasks within come full circle. 

Setting expectations

No lesson plan could be concrete without the aims and objectives, which would obviously be laid out at the start of the lesson in order to establish the learners are clear as to what is expected of them. The question raised at this point is what makes good aims and objectives within lesson planning? 

One of the most effective factors to consider when setting objectives is to ensure that they follow the SMART system (Gravells, 2012). The smart system is an acronym, which has been designed (not only for teaching) to ensure any objectives or aims we set are possible in the context of the lesson. SMART essentially stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-based (Bogue, 2005) and is excellent at ensuring we are able to set expectations that are both possible and relevant to the learning experience. 

Everything we have mentioned so far are only some of the key elements that form the essence of teaching and can result in great practice. This has certainly been true over the last few decades of teaching, but what about todays practice. What additional factors must the modern educator take into account?

Effective teaching

Planning a lesson is all well and good, and granted, knowing what your going to teach is a good starting point, but  its not an automatic guarantee that your going to be a good teacher. So what makes an effective Teacher? Research into this subject always seems to bring up similar results, and over the years they have seen some developments as the world around us evolves. 

If you were to run a good search for a list of the top teaching qualities the same results tend to come up: enthusiasm, motivation, hard working, passionate, friendly, approachable. All seem to follow this pattern. However, modern teaching, in my opinion, requires so much more of us than ever before, more so in some subjects than other. Let me explain. I myself am training to be a teacher of Music Technology and so far it is a fantastic and fulfilling experience to which every day brings exciting new challenges. Teaching a subject such as this, which has a backbone in the evolution of modern technology in the industry makes it even more challenging. The subject itself has its fundamentals, as it always has, and that will never change. As I look back on my own training when compared to the material and resources available today, its quite surprising how important it is to keep up to date with the material. Music Technology, for example, can change beyond recognition in a matter of years. The move from analogue and tape recording towards digital interfaces is a fine example. As a teacher of such an ever-changing subject it is crucial to keep my own skills and practice up to date and evolving along with the industry. I find myself on countless subject based websites looking for industry updates or changes, I even spend around £15 a month on subject based magazines and more on books! The point I am trying to make is simple: A good teacher keeps up to date with new and exciting concepts within their subjects, particularly more modern technology based subjects. Keeping material fresh and engaging is, in my opinion, just as important as the planning or practicing of the lesson. After all, you could be the most enthusiastic, fun or outgoing teacher in the business, but this won't mean a thing if your teaching outdated material. As teachers we should be looking for the new, the exciting, the innovating and the fresh approaches to our practice and our subject knowledge. Only then can we see the full potential of planning when combined with new ideas, effectively resulting in excellent modern teaching practice.

Reference

Handley, T. (2010). How to produce the perfect plan. Available: http://newteachers.tes.co.uk/content/how-produce-perfect-plan. Last accessed 24th Nov 2014

Gravells, A (2012). Preparing to teach in the lifelong learning sector. London: Learning matters . 62-66

Bogue, L. (2005). Use S.M.A.R.T. goals to launch management by objectives plan. Available: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/use-smart-goals-to-launch-management-by-objectives-plan/. Last accessed 24th nov 2014.

Barriers to effective use of technology in education

A lot of schools I have seen over the last few years have an extensive list of resources. The majority of schools these days will have computer access, often with internet capabilities and a variety of programs, while most schools have access to more sophisticated devices such as tablets. Whichever the case, most schools allow learners access to these technologies, however, some schools may not be using them to actually teach in an effective or engaging way. I myself have been fortunate enough to visit a few Schools in the South Wales area on teaching placement and have seen examples of effective use of technology, as well as no use at all.

Ramey (2013) suggest a few possibilities as to what the barriers to teaching using technology could be as ‘Resistance to change’ and ‘Lack of professional development’. in many schools teachers often unprepared to integrate technology in their own lessons as they are in facilities with little or no preparation or training. This is both unfortunate for the teachers and for the learners themselves, as mobile technology is a powerful tool to have at your disposal within the classroom. Many teachers who do not feel confident with mobile technology often fear it within their own practice. Many teacher fear the early stages of using mobile technology for many reasons, one of which will be the dependancy from the learners, particularly if they are new to a particular device such as a tablet. Ramey (2013) argues that most teachers fear that the learners will demand assistance with devices that they themselves may a novice. However, it is important to keep in mind the end result, in that to begin with it is true that learners will demand help and this will be tasking on the teachers skills and time, however, over time, the learners will become more confident and self-dependant, thus making the workload lighter, and the lessons more exciting and motivating.  

The other main factor seems to be that teachers are not ready to let of of the traditional styles of teaching (Jones, 2012). This is certainly true of the Schools I have visited in the past. Teachers have countless teaching resources available with little or no motivation to progress past using PowerPoint presentations. In my experience I have seen schools with interactive whiteboards which have been used solely to display images controlled via the computer. My experience comes from a key stage 3 and key stage 4 Music environment, where the School was equipped with various types of mobile technology (such as tablets), yet the Teachers were reluctant to introduce any to the lesson. The School in question had a higher level of difficulties than most with regards to learner engagement within the classroom, and lack of motivation throughout. It is my own opinion that after having read a number of reports, studies and articles on mobile technology in the classroom, adapting such ideas into their teaching could possibly result in some of these issues being resolves. Mobile technology makes the lessons more engaging for both the learners and the Teachers, often resulting in a heightened level of motivation (West, 2013). Schools such as the example above could see significant improvements in such areas, but only if the Teachers themselves are prepared to embrace the wonders of Technology and see them as a learning tool, not a replacement or a threat to their current Teaching practice. Teaching has never seen such leaps in the development as it has in the last few decades with the addition of new and emerging technology, all of which, when embraced and used properly, can become vital assets to the future of the education profession. 

References 

Ramey, K. (2013). Barriers to the effective uses of technology in education . Available: http://www.useoftechnology.com/barriers-effective-technology-education/. Last accessed 17th Nov 2014

Jones, J. (2014). iPads in the classroom. Available: http://www.bbcactive.com/BBCActiveIdeasandResources/iPadsintheClassroom.aspx. Last accessed 17th Nov 2014.

West, D. (2013). Mobile Learning: Transforming Education, Engaging Students, and Improving Outcomes. Available: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/09/17-mobile-learning-education-engaging-students-west. Last accessed 17th Nov 2014.

Image: http://tutoringservice.ca/blog/2013/02/19/teaching-with-technology-10-amazing-resources-to-integrate-into-your-classroom/

The value of mobile technology in teaching

‘Mobile technology is an exciting opportunity or educators, But in many ways we are just scratching the surface of what can be achieved with it’ (Wylie 2010)

It goes without saying that technology in general has had an invaluable impact upon the teaching profession, both in terms of how the teachers deliver lessons and resources, as well as how the learners themselves develop. Mobile technology has also seen incredible changes and developments over the last few years within the teaching environment. Devices such as iPads and other similar tablets are being integrated into lessons, so much so that you will often seen them listed as a critical resource within various schemes of work. 

In my own teaching experiences over the last few years, while on placement at various different schools and academic institutes, I have seen that the use of mobile technology within the classroom has been met with great skepticism. This could be for any number of reasons, one of which could be that mobile phones, for example, usually get a bad reputation in the classroom environment (Wylie, 2013). Based on discussions with teachers, it seems the other reason often tends to be a lack of confidence with their own knowledge of mobile technology, as well as the lack of trust towards the learners, which they feel may abuse the technology (often assumed of younger learners).

Norton (2014) argues that mobile technology in the classroom can help the teacher and learner interact seamlessly in a number of ways, within a number of different tasks. Learners can use mobile devices, such as iPads, to photograph or record their tasks, while other learners could give feedback afterwards. This brings me to an example I have seen in first hand while on a short placement in a primary School in the Swansea area. Learners were given the task of working out distances as part of a mathematical exercise in the playground. Each group allocated a peer to record the task on the iPad in order to document it as part of their ICT unit portfolios. Much to my surprise, the learners were fluent and more than capable of using these devices at ease, even at the age of 6 years old. Not only was this an excellent and engaging way to keep the children invested in the activity, but was a strong method of developing the ICT skills of the learners. 

Admittedly, when I first heard learners were able to use mobile technology within their lessons, I myself was quite skeptical, largely because of the abuse of the technology as mentioned above. However, after seeing the results first hand and seeing how the learners embraced the devices, rather than take advantage of them, measured me to that not only does technology have a place in the learning environment, but, as it can bring an enriching learning experience for the learners themselves. 

References 

Norton, J. (2014). Teaching tips: How students can use their mobile phones to learn english. Available: http://blog.britishcouncil.org/2014/05/19/how-students-can-use-their-mobile-phones-to-learn-english/. Last accessed 17th Nov 2014. 

Wylie, J. (2014). Mobile learning technologies for the 21st century classroom. Available: http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3754742. Last accessed 17th Nov 2014.

How technology has changed how we learn

How technology has changed how we learn

Over the years, the ways we learn has evolved in as many ways as we ourselves have as a society. Developments and advances in resources and ideas over the years have taken us from spoken word to written texts, and now from written texts into a modern, more technological way of learning. 

According to a report from 2010, the worlds digital information is the equivalent to a stack of books capable of reaching Pluto 10 times over! (Quinn, 2010). This is not only a staggering fact to try and absorb, but is also unforeseen when we look the shape of technology just a few decades ago. In the past information was only available to a few and from a few sources, these days however, its is available to everyone, whats more is that it is all available to most of us within out own pockets via mobile devices. 

In terms of teaching, digital technology has drastically changed it to enable us to widen out reach in terms of target audience. McKnight (2010) explains that 20 years ago learners had one main source of education: the teacher. These days however, they can draw information and education from anyone or anyplace on the planet. This alone is enough an argument to suggest that not only is technology assisting learners in the amount of information they access, but also changes how they learn.

In the last few decades we have seen the way we learn shift from text books and written notes, to online resources and e-books. Today, the majority of libraries offer an extensive library of online books and journals equal or greater to the quantity of hard copy text books. When we look at how the way we learn has morphed today into ways we couldn’t have comprehended, its hard not to wonder or even look forwards to how technology will enable us to access more and more information in the future. At the rate technology has changed and seems to change on a daily basis, its safe to say that nobody can predict what revolutionary teaching or learning tools are coming out way next. 

Quinn, A. (2010). Data, information and Knowledge . Available: http://www.sourcecon.com/news/2010/08/06/data-information-and-knowledge/. Last accessed 13th Nov 2014.

McKnight, K. (2014). Top 12 ways technology changed learning.Available: http://www.teachhub.com/how-technology-changed-learning. Last accessed 13t Nov 2014.